AN  APOSTLE  OF  GOOD  WILL 

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FOUNDER’S  DAY  ADDRESS 
ROBERT  R.  MOTON 

Principal  of  Tuskegee  Institute 


AN  APOSTLE  OF  GOOD  WILL 


FOUNDER’S  DAY  ADDRESS 
ROBERT  R.  MOTON 

Principal  of  Tuskegee  Institute 


PRESS  OF  THE  HAMPTON  NORMAL 
AND  AGRICULTURAL  INSTITUTE 
HAMPTON,  VIRGINIA,  1917 


AN  APOSTLE  OF  GOOD  WILL* 


BY  ROBERT  R.  MOTON 

Principal  of  Tuskegee  Institute 

IN  this  time  of  the  world’s  great  strife,  when  there  is  universal 
longing  for  peace,  it  is  well  for  us  here  at  beautiful,  peaceful, 
restful  Hampton  Institute,  because  of  the  wisdom,  patience,  and 
sacrifice  that  have  gone  into  establishing  it,  to  think  of  its  founder, 
who  worked  out  here  in  concrete  form  the  fundamental  principle 
of  universal  and  lasting  peace,  equally  as  applicable  to  nations  as 
to  races. 

The  angel’s  song,  “  Peace  on  earth  ;  good  will  toward  men,” 
meant  good  will  toward  all  men,  not  to  our  own  race  or  our  own 
nation  only,  not  to  people  of  our  own  social  status  merely  ;  it 
meant  good  will  toward  all  humanity. 

General  Armstrong  was  able  always  to  recognize  humanity 
amid  ignorance  and  poverty,  as  well  as  beneath  race  and  color 
lines.  It  did  not  matter  whether  he  was  with  the  Kanakas  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  or  with  the  choice  youth  of  New  England  at 
Williams  College  ;  as  a  captain  of  his  company  of  Troy  citizens,  or 
in  command  of  his  Ninth  Maryland  Negro  Troops  at  Gettysburg  ; 
whether  he  was  adjusting  relations  between  former  master  and 
slave  on  the  Virginia  peninsula  or  teaching  two— and  perhaps 
three  races— the  dignity  and  beauty  of  labor,  and  the  grandeur 
and  glory  of  service. 

He  had  faith  in  all  humanity,  in  the  Negro,  in  the  Indian,  in 
the  Southern  white  man.  He  believed  in  the  ultimate  triumph  of 
right  and  justice  and  good  will,  in  a  wholesome  and  happy  adjust¬ 
ment  between  races,  and  he  was  willing  to  work  unfalteringly 
towards  its  accomplishment.  It  was  this  hopefulness,  this  zeal, 
with  which  he  was  able  to  thoroughly  inspire  those  who  were 
so  fortunate  as  to  come  under  his  instruction  and  influence. 

Thus  we  have  this  great  institution  with  all  that  has  grown 
out  of  it,  not  only  other  institutions,  but  what  is  more  beautiful, 
its  educational  ideals— the  spirit  of  Hampton,  and  the  spirit  of  the 
larger  Hampton  as  well. 

It  is  sometimes  said  that  the  Negro  was  placed  in  America 
and  in  the  South  by  accident.  That  may  be  true.  But  I  believe 
that  the  Divine  Hand  had  as  much  to  do  with  placing  the  Negro 

*  Delivered  at  Hampton  Institute,  on  Sunday,  February  4,  1917  in  celebration  of  Founder’s 
Day 


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in  America  and  in  the  South  as  it  had  with  placing  the  Jews  in 
Egypt.  The  Negro’s  presence  may  have  added  something  to  the 
annoyance  of  his  white  brother.  It  has  certainly  added  a  great 
deal  to  his  economic,  and  much,  it  may  be,  to  his  religious  and 
spiritual  development. 

Dr.  Washington  frequently  expressed  his  pride  in  being  a 
Negro.  He  was  fond  of  telling  what  a  wonderful  chance  he  had 
to  serve  his  race  and  through  it  the  country.  He  was  right.  We 
Negroes  of  America  have  a  wonderful  chance,  one  almost  to  be 
envied,  to  help  in  shaping  the  lives,  the  destiny,  not  only  of  the 
Negroes  of  this  land,  but  also  those  of  Africa. 

The  opportunity  and  the  grave  responsibility  of  the  white 
man,  however,  in  shaping  the  destiny  of  the  Negro  people,  are 
almost  as  great  and  even  more  awful  to  contemplate,  because  our 
language,  our  customs,  our  conduct,  are  very  largely  shaped  in  ac¬ 
cordance  with  the  standards  of  the  race  that  surrounds  us.  What 
a  wonderful  chance  God  has  given  the  white  people,  then,  and 
especially  those  in  the  South,  to  set  an  example  and  to  help,  di¬ 
rectly  and  indirectly,  in  the  training  of  these  eight  or  nine  mil¬ 
lions  of  people  ! 

However  much  the  white  man  may  desire  to  shirk  responsibil¬ 
ity  as  regards  the  Negro,  he  must,  in  his  sober  moods,  feel  that 
he  is  really  and  truly  his  brother’s  keeper.  Our  activities  are  so 
intimately  interwoven  that  the  life  and  conduct  of  one  race  can¬ 
not  but  have  its  influence  upon  the  other  ;  and  the  stronger,  more 
dominant  race,  must  therefore  have  the  stronger  and  more  domi¬ 
nant  influence,  for  good  or  evil. 

Few  men  saw  as  did  General  Armstrong  how  necessary  it  was 
that  the  two  races  should  be  satisfactorily  adjusted  to  the  new 
relationship  which  was  bound  to  follow  Emancipation.  He  said  : 
‘  ‘  Hampton  has  blessed  me  in  so  many  ways.  Along  with  it  have 
come  the  best  people  of  this  country  for  my  friends  and  helpers  ; 
and  then  such  a  grand  chance  to  do  something  directly  for  those 
set  free  by  war,  and  indirectly  for  those  who  were  conquered.” 
His  object  was  not  merely  to  help  the  Negro,  important  as  that 
was,  but  to  help  the  nation,  the  North  and  the  South,  white  and 
black. 

General  Armstrong  saw,  as  we  today  see  and  understand, 
that  ignorance  breeds  disease,  physical  as  well  as  moral.  When 
the  infection  once  starts,  it  does  not  stop  in  the  alley  or  in  the 
cabin  of  the  Negro,  but  finds  its  way  to  the  heights  and  to  the 
mansions  of  the  white  man.  He  believed  that  the  highest  devel¬ 
opment  of  the  Negro  was  very  necessary  to  the  highest  develop¬ 
ment  of  the  white  man. 

The  Negro  is  sometimes  accused  of  being  a  cowardly  race. 
The  fact  is  cited  that  the  Negro  did  not  rise  up  during  the  war 


3 


between  the  states  and  massacre  the  wives  and  children  of  the 
masters  who  were  fighting  for  his  continued  enslavement.  His 
accusers  forget  that  the  Negro  always  kept  fresh  and  alive  his 
faith  in  God.  His  religion  was  his  beacon  light.  There  are  also 
hundreds  of  touching  instances  that  reveal  something  of  the  lov¬ 
ing  tenderness  that  existed  between  the  slaves  and  their  owners. 
I  hold,  and  can  hold,  no  brief  for  slavery  ;  and  yet  it  cannot  be 
denied  that  there  was  much  of  kindness  existing  during  the  period, 
now  happily  passed,  that  constrained  the  Negro  slave  to  protect 
with  his  life  those  left  in  his  care. 

It  is  my  belief  that  kindness  today,  rather  than  cruelty,  will 
bring  about  friendly  cooperation  between  white  man  and  black 
man,  Teuton  and  Saxon,  rich  and  poor,  capital  and  labor— a  coop¬ 
eration  we  all  so  much  desire. 

Sad  and  humiliating  as  it  truly  is  for  the  family,  friends— yes, 
and  race— of  those  who,  charged  with  crime,  are  denied  an  orderly 
and  impartial  trial  and  unfortunately  fall  victims  to  the  mob,  it  is 
much  more  unfortunate,  in  my  judgment,  for  the  mob,  for  their 
children  and  friends — yes,  and  their  race  also.  The  vicious  reac¬ 
tion  of  hatred  on  the  unfortunate  possessor  is  far  more  to  be 
dreaded  than  its  results  upon  the  humble  creature  who  suffers 
from  it.  The  white  race  should  not,  and  will  not  much  longer,  I 
believe,  allow  such  barbarous  misrepresentations  of  our  civiliza¬ 
tion.  The  world  is  coming  more  and  more  to  the  point  where  it 
will  see  that  you  cannot  hate  out,  abuse  out,  shoot  out,  or  lynch 
out  human  imperfections,  real  or  imaginary.  We  are  learning 
that  any  permanent  eradication  must  come  through  patience, 
faith,  kindness,  and  good  will. 

In  the  final  analysis,  the  great  glory  of  America  will  not  be 
tested  by  its  wealth,  its  learning,  its  skill,  its  culture  merely,  nor 
yet  by  its  efficiency,  important  as  these  are.  The  real  test  lies 
in  the  ability  of  average  American  citizens — those  who  make  and 
who  execute  the  laws,  those  who  have  taken  to  themselves  the 
great  responsibility  of  directing  the  affairs  of  government,  those 
who  have  been  so  greatly  blessed  with  wealth  and  culture  and 
influence— if  they  love  their  country,  to  see  that  absolute  and  ex¬ 
act  justice  is  done  to  every  man,  rich  and  poor,  learned  and  un¬ 
learned;  that  justice  is  done  to  those  who  are  different  physically 
from  themselves;  that  black  men  and  women  are  given  a  fair 
and  equal  chance  for  training  and  for  education,  a  chance  to  live 
in  pleasant  and  wholesome  surroundings,  are  guaranteed  life  and 
liberty;  that  Negroes  are  taught  to  respect  the  courts  of  this 
country  and  not  to  feel,  as  the  average  Negro  too  often  feels,  that 
the  court  is  a  place  for  punishment  only,  rather  than  a  place  for 
justice. 

Democracy  and  Christianity  are  being  tested  and  tried  as  by 


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fire,  but  I  firmly  believe  that  democracy,  that  Christianity,  that 
America,  will  stand  this  test.  After  all  the  misunderstandings  and 
friction,  after  all  the  bitterness  and  hatred,  the  sober  thought  of 
the  educated,  Christian  white  man  of  the  South,  as  well  as  that  of 
the  educated  Christian  Negro,  has  come  to  the  verge  of  a  period 
when  good  will,  and  peace  with  honor  and  justice  to  all  concerned, 
and  mutual  understanding,  seem  more  possible  than  ever.  While 
there  are  still  prejudices  and  hatred  on  the  part  of  some  Negroes 
and  white  men  in  the  South,  it  is  well  to  keep  in  mind  the  fact 
that  the  Negroes  of  the  South  are  not  all  lazy  and  criminals,  and 
that  all  the  white  men  of  the  South  are  not  Negro  haters  and 
lynchers.  Such  incidents  as  the  following  have  been  happening 
ever  since  the  war  between  the  states,  but  they  don't  always 
find  their  way  into  public  print. 

A  Negro  was  under  indictment  for  murder.  When  the  case 
was  called  in  the  superior  court,  it  is  said  that  General  Toombs 
arose  and  said  :  ‘  ‘  Mr.  Clerk,  mark  my  name  as  counsel  for  the 

defendant.  ”  The  State's  witnesses  made  a  plausible  case  against 
the  accused.  At  last  the  time  for  the  defense  arrived.  General 
Toombs  began  :  ‘  ‘  May  it  please  the  court  and  you  gentlemen 

of  the  jury.  At  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  when  General  Pickett's 
charge  had  been  repulsed,  a  Confederate  colonel,  severely  wounded, 
was  left  on  the  field.  The  Federals  were  raking  the  ground  with 
their  batteries  and  no  soldier  dared  to  rescue  his  leader.  At  that 
moment  a  black  form  was  seen  to  move  forward  through  the 
Confederate  lines,  and,  in  spite  of  the  lead  and  iron  hail,  he 
rushed  to  the  wounded  officer.  He  took  him  in  his  arms  tenderly 
and  carried  him  back  to  safety.  That  colonel  was  my  brother. 
A  hero  who  could  do  that  at  Gettysburg  cannot  be  a  murderer 
today.  Stand  up,  Tom,  and  open  your  shirt.  "  The  Negro  did 
as  directed,  showing  the  scar  of  the  wound  received  in  his  he¬ 
roic  devotion.  General  Toombs  left  the  case  with  the  Southern 
white  men  of  that  jury  who  immediately  returned  a  verdict  of  not 
guilty. 

Many  other  stories  could  be  recounted  showing  the  continu¬ 
ance  and  growth  of  mutual  consideration  between  the  races.  We 
have  not  yet  forgotten  San  Juan  Hill,  while  the  heroism  of  the 
black  and  white  troopers  during  the  Carrizal  tragedy  is  still  fresh 
in  our  minds.  Colonel  Henry  Watterson,  in  the  Louisville 
Courier -Journal,  thus  describes  that  fateful  event : — 

“The  black  man  fought  in  the  deadly  shambles  side  by  side 
with  the  white  man,  following  always,  fighting  always  as  his 
lieutenant  fought. 

‘  ‘And,  finally,  when  Adair,  literally  shot  to  pieces,  fell  in  his 
tracks,  his  last  command  to  his  black  trooper  was  to  leave  him 
and  save  own  his  life.  Even  then  the  heroic  Negro  paused  in  the 
midst  of  that  hell  of  carnage  for  a  final  service  to  his  officer. 


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Bearing  a  charmed  life,  he  fought  his  way  out.  He  saw  that 
Adair  had  fallen  with  his  head  in  the  water.  With  superb  loyalty, 
the  black  trooper  turned  and  went  back  into  the  maelstrom  of 
death,  lifted  the  head  of  his  superior,  leaned  him  against  a  tree, 
and  left  him  there,  dead  with  dignity,  when  it  was  impossible  to 
serve  any  more. 

‘  'There  is  not  a  finer  piece  of  soldierly  devotion  and  heroic 
comradeship  in  the  history  of  modern  warfare,  ”  said  Colonel 
Watterson,  ‘  ‘  than  that  of  Henry  Adair  and  the  black  trooper 
who  fought  by  him  at  Carrizal. 

“The  historian  of  that  brief  but  bloody  drama  has  rescued 
the  name  of  Henry  Adair  and  written  it  high  in  the  annals  of 
American  heroism  where  it  will  live  with  illustrious  heroes  of  his 
race. 

“I  think  the  name  of  the  black  trooper  should  be  rescued 
from  obscurity  and  written  side  by  side  with  that  of  his  officer. 
If  Henry  Adair  had  survived  this  modern  Alamo,  he  would  have 
seen  to  it  that  this  Negro  was  bracketed  with  him  in  the  heroic 
annals  of  the  affray. 

‘  ‘As  Henry  Adair  did  not  live  to  do  it,  we  should  see  that  this 
justice  is  done.  As  the  son  of  a  Confederate  officer  who  fought 
to  the  end  of  the  Civil  War,  as  a  publicist  who  has  studied  the 
race  question,  and  once,  in  serious  honesty,  preached  the  doctrine 
of  separation  of  the  races,  I  ask  that  from  the  records  of  that 
last  fatal  charge  at  Carrizal  there  should  be  recovered  the  name 
of  that  black  soldier  whose  heroic  loyalty  to  this  white  comrade 
touches  the  high-water  mark  of  soldierly  devotion  and  deathless 
courage,  linking  the  two  races  that  henceforth  must  live  together 
and  fight  together  to  the  end  of  time.  ” 

I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  name  of  that  colored  trooper  has 
been  ‘  ‘  rescued  from  obscurity.  ’  ’  It  is  Peter  Bigstaff. 

The  two  incidents  just  cited  give  evidence  that  the  spirit  of 
kindness  between  white  men  and  black  men,  which  we  are  accus¬ 
tomed  to  think  of  as  existing  mainly  before  and  during  the  war, 
is  just  as  genuine  and  true  today  as  it  was  then.  All  it  needs  is 
a  chance  for  manifestation.  There  are  Negroes  everywhere  as 
true  to  the  white  race  as  they  are  to  themselves  ;  and  there  are 
white  men  who  are  just  as  true  and  loyal  to  the  Negro  race. 
The  sons  and  daughters  of  those  honored  and  revered  black 
“ mammies  ”  and  “Uncle  Toms”  have  not  all  degenerated  into 
disloyal,  ungrateful  criminals;  neither  have  the  children  of  such 
men  as  General  Toombs  and  Colonel  Henry  Watterson  changed  so 
soon  to  hating  and  encouraging  racial  bitterness  and  strife. 
Hampton  Institute,  through  the  wisdom  and  foresight  of  its  Foun¬ 
der,  General  Samuel  C.  Armstrong,  and  by  the  patient,  sagacious, 
unselfish  leadership  of  its  present  Principal,  Dr.  Hollis  B.  Frissell, 
is  more  than  any  other  single  agency  in  our  country  making  it  pos¬ 
sible  for  these  two  elements  of  white  and  black— the  two  largest 
and  most  effective— to  show,  without  embarrassment  to  either,  that 
the  two  races  can  live  together  peacefully,  helpfully,  honorably, 


6 


and  harmoniously  here  in  the  South,  each  making  its  own  con¬ 
tribution  to  the  glory  of  our  country. 

I  venture  to  mention  here  a  few  of  the  tangible  results 
which  Hampton  has  led  in  bringing  about.  As  a  general  result 
of  Hampton’s  years  of  teaching,  racial  good  will  in  the  South  is 
more  widespread  than  ever  before. 

The  demand  for  Negro  labor  in  the  North  and  the  migration 
of  Negroes  from  the  South  to  meet  that  demand  are  crystallizing 
sentiment  looking  toward  justice  and  fairness  for  the  black  man 
as  perhaps  no  other  incident  ever  has.  General  Armstrong, 
through  Hampton  Institute,  blazed  the  way  and  set  in  motion 
elements  that  are  today  meeting  this  situation  in  a  practical, 
Christ-like  way,  making  it  easier  for  white  men,  as  well  as  black 
men,  to  speak  out  from  press  and  platform  in  a  way  that  would 
have  been  well-nigh  impossible  without  his  work  and  influence. 

Let  me  mention  a  few  of  the  indirect  results — what  Dr. 
Wallace  Buttrick  once  called  the  “  lateral  influences  of  Hampton 
Institute.”  I  do  not  believe  I  am  overstating  the  case  when 
I  say  that  General  Armstrong’s  life  and  work,  through  Hampton 
Institute  and  its  outgrowths,  have  done  more  than  any  other 
single  influence  to  make  possible  some  of  the  most  progressive 
and  effective  movements  for  educational,  social,  and  moral  reforms 
that  are  helping  society  in  this  country  today,  especially  in  the 
South.  What  does  it  matter  that  they  are  reaching  their  fruition 
twenty-five  years  after  General  Armstrong’s  passing,  or  through 
Dr.  Frissell  at  Hampton  or  Dr.  Washington  at  Tuskegee? 

Among  these  “lateral  influences  ”  is  the  Southern  Education 
Board,  with  all  its  marvelous  work  of  inspiring,  energizing,  and 
actualizing  definite  enthusiasms  for  education  in  the  South  for  all 
the  people,  resulting  in  additional  appropriations  of  millions  of 
dollars  for  school  purposes.  Moreover,  what  is  even  more  signifi¬ 
cant  is  the  sentiment  which  that  Board  set  in  motion  for  universal 
education,  a  sentiment  likely  to  increase  rather  than  decrease  in 
its  momentum. 

The  General  Education  Board,  which  can  be  traced  more 
or  less  directly  to  Hampton’s  influence  through  the  Southern 
Education  Board  and  Mr.  Ogden’s  parties — “adventures  into 
ennobling  experiences  ” — is  another  of  these  “  lateral  influences.” 
It  is  most  fitting  that  a  suitable  monument  to  him,  in  the  form  of 
an  Auditorium,  should  be  placed  here  at  Hampton.  Think,  too, 
of  the  wonderful  work  and  influence  of  the  General  Education 
Board!  That  board  has  had  and  is  still  having  an  invaluable  in¬ 
fluence  on  education  for  the  entire  country,  standardizing  schools, 
and  quietly  but  very  effectively  helping  and  influencing,  not  only 
educational  thought,  but  also  a  great  many  other  very  important 
movements  for  human  betterment. 


7 


The  Jeanes  Board  also  belongs  among  Hampton's  “lateral 
influences."  With  its  limited  funds,  it  is  influencing  education  in 
the  South,  through  Dr.  James  Hardy  Dillard,  not  only  among 
Negroes,  but  among  the  whites  also,  in  a  way  whose  importance 
it  would  be  difficult  to  overestimate. 

Then  there  is  the  Southern  University  Commission  on  Race 
Questions,  representing  through  certain  of  their  professors  all  of 
the  Southern  state  universities,  in  which  Southern  men  of  the 
highest  and  most  intellectual  character  are  willing  to  study  at 
first  hand  the  condition  of  the  black  man,  and  to  use  the  results 
of  their  studies  in  deepening  the  faith  and  inspiring  the  youth  of 
the  South  with  a  desire  to  help  and  to  be  just  and  fair  in  their 
dealings  with  the  black  man. 

We  do  not  need  to  mention  Booker  Washington,  who  was 
General  Armstrong’s  most  distinguished  pupil,  and  the  remarkable 
influence  he  had  and  is  still  having  on  the  thought  and  feelings 
of  the  South  toward  the  Negro.  Think  also  of  what  a  wonderful 
work  he  did  in  spreading  ideas  of  vocational,  practical  education 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  this  land  !  Think,  too,  of 
what  other  students  of  Hampton,  in  an  humbler  but  no  less 
effective  way,  have  accomplished  ! 

All  of  these  activities,  and  more,  can  be  credited  in  part,  if 
not  entirely,  to  the  life  and  work  and  character  and  spirit  of  the 
Founder  of  Hampton  Institute.  In  this  glorious  life  we  have  the 
foundation,  and  the  only  foundation,  upon  which  races  and 
nations  can  have  real  peace— the  spirit  of  good  will  toward  men, 
black  even  as  white,  North  and  South.  Good  will,  it  is,  that  the 

nations  of  the  earth  are  needing.  It  is  that  peace  for  which  so 
many  unnumbered  millions  of  suffering  and  innocent  human 
beings  are  yearning. 

The  idea  which  was  crudely  expressed  by  a  Carnegie  hero 
student  now  at  Tuskegee  Institute  who,  at  the  risk  of  his  own 
life,  saved  the  life  of  a  little  white  girl  in  Waco,  Texas,  from  an 
onrushing  automobile,  is  the  idea  which  will  bind  races  and 
nations  together  in  peace  and  good  will.  When  asked  whether 
he  would  have  preferred  to  save  a  black  child  rather  than  a  white 
child,  he  replied:  “You  don’t  stop  to  think,  when  an  innocent 
human  life  is  at  stake,  whether  you  are  helping  a  white  person 
or  a  black  person.  All  you  know  is  that  it  is  a  human  being.’’ 

It  is  that  spirit  which  General  Armstrong  and  Dr.  Frissell, 
through  Hampton  Institute,  have  taught  throughout  all  of  these 
years  to  black  man  and  white  man  in  the  North  and  in  the  South. 
It  is  only  through  that  spirit  which  is  blind  to  color  and  to  race  and 
to  nationality  when  human  lives,  either  physical,  mental,  or  moral, 
are  at  stake,  —it  is  only  in  that  spirit  that  we  can  conquer  racial 
misunderstanding  and  strife.  It  is  only  in  the  spirit  of  Christian 
service  that  we  can  have  lasting,  universal  peace.  It  is  this 
spirit  which  General  Armstrong  so  aptly  epitomized  in  this  closing 
sentence  of  his  famous  Memoranda—  “  It  pays  to  follow  one’s  best 
light,  to  put  God  and  country  first,  ourselves  afterwards.’’ 


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